Looking Back at the Life and Music of Whitney Houston | English ...

CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Welcome to AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English.

(MUSIC)

I?m Christopher Cruise. Today on our show we remember the life and music of singing superstar Whitney Houston ?

(MUSIC: ?One Moment in Time?)

Whitney Houston

CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Saturday, hundreds of people will gather in Newark, New Jersey, for the funeral of Whitney Houston. The forty-eight year old performer died a week earlier at a hotel in California. June Simms looks back at the life of the singer, actress, and mother.

(MUSIC)

JUNE SIMMS: That is Whitney Houston performing the song, ?I?m Every Woman.? And that is what many who loved the singer say: Whitney was every woman. People in her hometown of Newark say she never forgot where she came from. Her close friend and gospel singer Marvin Winans recently said that below the surface Whitney Houston was still the same little girl from New Jersey.

A childhood friend of the star, Gregory Whittle, remembers growing up with her.

GREGORY WHITE: ?A lot of time in the basement you could hear her singing. Singing in the back by the pool. She had a gift. It was strictly from God.?

Marvin Winans is to speak at the funeral. It will be held at the New Hope Baptist Church. Whitney Houston attended that church while growing up. It was also the first place she sang publicly. She was a member of the church choir.

(MUSIC: ?Greatest Love of All?)

Whitney Elizabeth Houston was born in Newark in nineteen sixty-three. Her mother Cissy Houston is a gospel singer. Her father served in the military and was in the entertainment business. Cissy Houston was not the only family musician. Singers Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick were cousins of Whitney Houston. And her godmother was Aretha Franklin. At a performance earlier this week, Aretha Franklin remembered her goddaughter with a song and praise for the music and memories.

<!--IMAGE-LEFT-->As a teenager, Whitney Houston performed as a back-up singer for Chaka Khan, Lou Rawls and other artists. But she also had a successful modeling career by the time she was twenty. Her picture appeared on the cover of Seventeen and inside magazines including Glamour and Cosmopolitan.

In nineteen eighty three, Clive Davis, the head of Arista records, heard Whitney Houston singing in New York City. He offered her a recording agreement soon after. For the next two years, Whitney Houston worked on her first record album. ?Whitney Houston? was released in nineteen eighty-five.

Slowly but surely, it became a huge hit. It stayed in the number one position on Billboard magazine?s Top Two Hundred Albums chart for fourteen weeks. The first number one single from the album was ?Saving All My Love for You.?

(MUSIC)

Another popular song from that first album was this dance number ?How Will I Know.?

(MUSIC)

The album ?Whitney Houston? had seven number one hit singles. It remains the biggest-selling first album by any artist.

The singer followed that success with another. Her album ?Whitney? sold twenty million copies. It also made her the first female artist to enter the Billboard Top Two Hundred at number one. Whitney Houston was clearing a path of recognition for women artists.

However, her next professional move was her most important. She recorded the soundtrack for and starred in ?The Bodyguard,? in nineteen ninety-two.

Kevin Costner played opposite White Houston in the movie. It is the story of a relationship between a pop music star and a former secret service agent who protects her. The movie was a big hit, making more than four hundred million dollars in ticket sales worldwide. But the film?s popularity did not even come close to the success of the album that went with it.

?The Bodyguard? is the fourth highest selling album of all time. Forty-four million copies have been sold. Among the singles is ?I Will Always Love You,? a song written and recorded earlier by Dolly Parton. Whitney Houston?s version sold many more copies.

(MUSIC)

In nineteen ninety-two, Whitney Houston?s personal life also grew. She married singer Bobby Brown, of the band New Edition. The marriage surprised many people both in and outside the music industry. Bobby Brown was considered an industry ?bad boy,? while Whitney Houston had an innocence that led to her nickname the ?prom queen of soul.?

<!--IMAGE-RIGHT-->She and Bobby Brown had a daughter, Bobbi Kristina, in nineteen ninety-three. In the late nineteen nineties, Whitney Houston?s professional behavior began to come under question. She began to cancel shows and was late for important events. Her appearance changed; she lost weight and looked unhealthy. Her voice also was suffering. Many reports said she was abusing drugs and alcohol.

(MUSIC: ?I Have Nothing?)

Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown ended their marriage in two thousand seven. She also publicly admitted to drug abuse. But she entered a treatment program. In two thousand ten, she reported she was drug-free.

But, last Saturday, the singer and actress was found dead in her hotel room in Los Angeles. Officials have not yet released a cause of death. However, news reports say Whitney Houston?s family has been told the entertainer died from taking too many prescription drugs.

Her seventh and final studio album, ?I Look to You,? was released in two thousand nine. Critics generally praised the effort. We leave you with Whitney Houston performing the Leon Russell song, ?A Song for You.?

(MUSIC)

CHRISTOPHER CRUISE:? I?m Christopher Cruise. This program was written and produced by Caty Weaver.

Join us again next week for music and more on AMERICAN MOSAIC in VOA Special English.

Source: http://nghetienganh.com/2012/02/looking-back-at-the-life-and-music-of-whitney-houston/

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For Sale by Owner ? Why it Doesn&#39;t Work | Du Propio a vendre

Selling something th?t ?? yours ??n b? a tough job. Y?? w?ll h??? a hard time detaching yourself fr?m ?t. And th?? ??n b? one ?f th? reasons wh? ??? ??n n?t dispose th? item. Th?? ?? d?f?n?t?l? tr?? wh?n ??? ?r? already selling ???r house. It w?ll take ??? ??m? time before ??? ??n finalize ???r d??????n t? h??? ?t f?r sale. Of course ?f ??? really need t? dispose ?t b?????? ?f ??m? financial issues, ??? d? n?t h??? a ?h???? b?t t? g?t rid ?f ?t. B?t ?? much ?? possible ??? w?ll d? everything ???t t? keep ???r home.

Nowadays, people ?r? trying t? sell th??r ?wn house. Th?r? ??n b? several reasons wh? th?? d? th??, b?t th? b?g q???t??n ?? w?ll ??? b? ?bl? t? dispose ?t yourself. In real estate industry, selling ???r property b? yourself without seeking th? ?????t?n?? ?f a broker ?? called f?r sale b? owner ?r FSBO property.

Normally, th?? method ?? n?t th?t effective.

Th?? ?? b?????? ?f th? different factors th?t ??n affect th? negotiation. Thus, real estate brokers usually ??? th?t FSBO d??? n?t really work well. If ??? ?r? ?l?nn?ng t? sell ???r ?wn property, ??? ??n g? through th??? points before ??? d???d? ?n getting th? h?l? ?f a broker ?r n?t.

L?k? wh?t w?? stated awhile ago, wh?n ??? ?r? th? one wh? ?? selling th? house ??? w?ll h??? a hard time detaching yourself fr?m ?t. Th?? ??n b? a minor reason f?r hindering ??? t? dispose ???r property, b?t ?t ??n still b? a factor. Y?? w?ll ?l?? h??? a difficulty b?????? ??? d? n?t h??? enough knowledge ?n real estate. Thus, ?t m?? take time before ??? ??n completely m?k? a done deal.

If ??? d? n?t consider hiring a broker, ??? w?ll expect t? h??? a less exposure ?f ???r property. Brokers know th??? strategies b?????? th?? ?? th??r job.

Th?? h??? several contacts ?f potential buyers. Th?? ?l?? h??? th??r ?wn marketing strategies f?r a q???k disposal ?f th? property.

Y?? m?ght b? thinking th?t ??? h??? saved more b?????? ?f th? absence ?f a broker. T? t?ll ??? h?n??tl?, ??? ?r? spending more. Y?? know wh?, simply b?????? ?f th? petty expenses ??? incur ???r? time ??? market ???r property. And ?f ??? sum ?t up, ??? ??n see th?t getting th? services ?f a broker seems t? b? cheaper. Everything w?ll n?t b? ?? easy ?? having a garage sale, b?????? real estate ?? n?t ???r field. Y?? d? n?t know wh?t things ?h??ld b? ?nd ?h??ld n?t b? done.

Generally, th? factors discussed above ?r? ???t few ?f th? reasons wh? f?r sale b? owner d??? n?t work. Th?r? ??n still b? a lot ?f th?m wh?n ??? ?r? already doing ?t b? yourself. L?ttl? b? l?ttl? ??? w?ll discover th? disadvantages. Brokers ?r? th?r? t? ?????t ??? ?n ???r property disposal. Th?? m?? require a reasonable amount ?f money f?r th??r services b?t everything ?? done ?n proper order. And w?th th? h?l? ?f a broker, ???r house w?ll d?f?n?t?l? b? sold ?? soon ?? possible.

Y?? ??n check th??? sites f?r more Homes f?r Sale ?n Dobson Ranch ?nd Homes f?r Sale ?n Eagle Mountain.

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Source: http://www.duproprioavendre.com/for-sale-by-owner-why-it-doesnt-work.html

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Sportwetten- Quick Way to Become Millionaire | 9999 Articles

Sport betting has been recognized as a good way to earn easy and quick money. It is much popular in Europe now. Read this article and get some valuable ideas about sportwetten.
Sportwetten (sport betting) is a huge craze among masses today, because everyone wants to earn quick money. People in European countries especially in Germany are great fond of sport bets. After some online betting portals have emerged, betting has gained momentum all over the world. Betters are seen to bet on their favorite games. Generally speaking, most of them bet on popular sports such as football, formula1, motor racing, horse racing, wrestling and many other forms of games. If you are among people looking to realize your dream of being millionaire, sport betting may be the good option. It is advisable that you choose a sport that you know very well, as it will increase your chances of winning.
Over the years, we have seen many people becoming rich through Interwetten. Winning money through sportwetten (sport betting) is really exciting, as you can utilize the cash for variety of your needs. You can travel through Europe, take up world tour, do some charitable tasks, buy your dream house or car and make some investments. Not only this, you can also pay your pending debts and meet many other household expenses. Money through betting is your amount which you can spend in any way. You can use it for wedding and business purposes. Thus, sport betting is useful in many ways.
If you are an experienced better, you must know tricks and tips followed in sportwetten (sport betting). But if you are a beginner, consult some reliable betting sites to learn rules and tricks involved in different types of sport bets. Know about games, which are higher in demand and prove the most lucrative for gamblers. Websites specialized in online betting offer you golden opportunity for betters. They inform them about the upcoming events so that they can get ready for betting on their favorite sports. Betting portals provide valuable tips helping you to achieve success in bets. In addition, they offer higher bonuses and bigger betting odds. Most importantly, these sites offer you updates and insight about players belonging to different areas of sports like football, motor racing, horse racing etc.
Sportwetten portals offer you betting round the clock. They also give you important tips and advice to help you earn quick and easy money. They are great source of information on the best and worst gambling options available in the gambling industry. Be it Horse Racing, Football, Motorsports or Golf, betting websites offer lucrative bet options. To achieve success in sport betting, money management is the key. Never invest more than you can afford to lose. Set a budget limit, but it does not mean that you should not go beyond it. You can exceed your budget when the opportunity is good and you are almost sure about your win. It is better if you invest your bucks in multiple combination bets and earn big bucks.

Richrad is an experienced content writer with vast knowledge about sportwetten and has written so many articles to help people learn about popular betting options.

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Source: http://9999articles.com/sportwetten-quick-way-to-become-millionaire.html

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Iran trumpets nuclear advances, deepening standoff with West (Reuters)

TEHRAN (Reuters) ? Iran proclaimed advances in nuclear know-how on Wednesday, including new centrifuges able to enrich uranium much faster, a move that may hasten a drift towards confrontation with the West over suspicions it is seeking the means to make atomic bombs.

Tehran's resolve to pursue a nuclear program showed no sign of wavering despite Western sanctions inflicting increasing damage on its oil-based economy.

"The era of bullying nations has past. The arrogant powers cannot monopolize nuclear technology. They tried to prevent us by issuing sanctions and resolutions but failed," President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said in a live television broadcast.

"Our nuclear path will continue."

However, Iran's Arabic-language Al Alam television said the government had handed a letter to EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton expressing readiness to "hold new talks over its nuclear program in a constructive way."

An Ashton spokeswoman confirmed receipt of the letter, saying she was evaluating it and would consult with the United States, Russia, China and other partners among the big powers.

Iran has long refused to negotiate curbs on its nuclear program, saying it is intended to produce electricity for booming domestic demand and for other civilian uses.

The United States and Israel have not ruled out military action against Iran if diplomacy and sanctions fail.

Washington however played down Iran's latest announcement, saying its reported advances were "not terribly new and not terribly impressive."

"We frankly don't see a lot new here. This is not big news. In fact it seems to have been hyped," a State Department spokeswoman said.

IRAN DENIES BANNING OIL EXPORTS TO EU

Iran's Oil Ministry denied a state media report that it had cut off oil exports to six European Union states.

"We deny this report ... If such a decision is made, it will be announced by Iran's Supreme National Security Council," a spokesman for the ministry told Reuters.

Iran's English language Press TV said Tehran had halted oil deliveries to France, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Netherlands and Spain -- its biggest EU customers -- in retaliation for an EU ban on Iranian crude due to take effect in July.

The Islamic Republic is the world's No. 5 oil exporter, with 2.6 million barrels going abroad daily, and the EU consumes around a fifth of those volumes.

With Western sanctions now spreading to block Iran's oil exports and central bank financing of trade, Tehran has been resorting to barter to import staples like rice, cooking oil and tea, commodities traders say.

The most recent talks between world powers and Iran failed in January 2011 because of Tehran's unwillingness to discuss transparent limits on enrichment, as demanded by several U.N. Security Council resolutions passed since 2006.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Map of Iranian oil industry: http://link.reuters.com/nuh45s

Crude imports from Iran: http://link.reuters.com/dab65s

Iran oil exports: http://link.reuters.com/pyw35s

Iran exports to Europe: http://link.reuters.com/dax35s

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

NEW GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGE

The nuclear achievements proclaimed by Tehran involved a new line of uranium enrichment centrifuge and the loading of its first domestically produced batch of fuel into a research reactor that is expected to soon run out of imported stocks.

Tehran has for some years been developing and testing new generations of centrifuges to replace its outdated, erratic "P-1" model. In January it said it had successfully manufactured and tested its own fuel rods for use in nuclear power plants.

Ahmadinejad said the "fourth generation" of centrifuge would be able to refine uranium three times as fast as previously.

If Iran eventually succeeded in introducing modern centrifuges for production, it could significantly shorten the time needed to stockpile enriched uranium, which can generate electricity or, if refined much more, nuclear explosions.

Last year, Iran installed two newer models for large scale testing at a research site near the central town of Natanz.

But it remains unclear whether Tehran, under increasingly strict trade sanctions, has the means and components to make the more sophisticated machines in industrial quantity.

"We have seen this before. We have seen these announcements and these grand unveilings and it turns out that there was less there than meets the eye. I suspect this is the same case," said Shannon Kile at the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

However, Ahmadinejad said Iran had significantly increased the number of centrifuges at its main enrichment site at Natanz, saying there were now 9,000 such machines installed there.

In its last report on Iran, in November, the U.N. nuclear watchdog said there were 8,000 installed centrifuges at Natanz, of which up to 6,200 were operating.

MAJOR THREAT, FRANCE SAYS

France said Tehran's latest moves again demonstrated that it would rather ignore international obligations than cooperate.

A British Foreign Office spokesman said: "(This) does not give any confidence that Iran is ready to engage meaningfully on the international community's well-founded concerns about its nuclear program. Until it does so we'll only increase peaceful and legitimate pressure on Iran to return to negotiations."

Russia said global powers must work harder to coax concessions from Iran, warning that Tehran's willingness to compromise was waning as it makes progress toward the potential capability of building nuclear warheads.

Making a case for a renewed dialogue, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov said U.N. sanctions and additional measures introduced by Western nations had had "zero" effect on its nuclear program.

Iran has threatened retaliation for any attack or effective ban on its oil exports, suggesting it could seal off the main Gulf export shipping channel, the Strait of Hormuz, used by a third of the world's crude oil tankers.

NEW FUEL FOR RESEARCH REACTOR

State television aired live footage of Ahmadinejad loading Iranian-made fuel rods into the Tehran Research Reactor and called this "a sign of Iranian scientists' achievements."

The Tehran reactor produces radio isotopes for medical use and agriculture. Iran says it was forced to manufacture its own fuel for the Tehran reactor after failing to agree terms for a deal to obtain it from the West.

In 2010, Iran alarmed the West by starting to enrich uranium to a fissile purity of 20 percent for the stated purpose of reprocessing into special fuel for the Tehran reactor.

In boosting enrichment up from the 3.5 percent level suitable for powering civilian nuclear plants, Iran moved significantly closer to the 90 percent threshold suitable for the fissile core of a nuclear warhead.

Analysts remained doubtful that Iran would be able to operate the research reactor with its own special fuel.

"As usual, the announcement surely is exaggerated. Producing the fuel plates ... is not so hard. But the plates have to be tested for a considerable period before they can be used safely in the reactor," said Mark Fitzpatrick of London's International Institute for Strategic Studies.

"If Iran is really running the reactor with untested fuel plates, then my advice to the residents surrounding the building would be to move somewhere else. It will be unsafe."

Spent fuel can be reprocessed into plutonium, the alternative key ingredient in atomic bombs. But Western worries about Iran's nuclear program have focused on its enrichment program, which has accumulated enough material for up to several bombs, in the view of nuclear proliferation experts.

Analysts say the fuel rod development itself will not put Iran any closer to producing nuclear weapons, but could be a way of telling Tehran's adversaries that time is running out if they want to find a negotiated solution to the dispute.

Iran appears to have overcome one serious recent obstacle to nuclear development by succeeding in neutralizing and purging the "Stuxnet" computer virus from its nuclear machinery, European and U.S. officials and private experts told Reuters. Many believe Israeli operators planted the virus.

(Additional reporting by Mitra Amiri, Ramin Mostafavi in Tehran, Fredrik Dahl in Vienna, Steve Gutterman in Moscow, John Irish in Paris, Dmitry Zhdannikov and Adrian Croft in London; Editing by Mark Heinrich)

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/iran/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20120215/wl_nm/us_iran

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Knicks think they'll stay hot when stars join Lin (AP)

Amare Stoudemire watched Linsanity from Florida, a welcome break as he grieved the death of his brother.

Carmelo Anthony had a front-row seat right in New York, where he couldn't escape fears he was eventually going to mess things up.

Both superstars will return soon, but the question is no longer whether they can coexist.

Now, it's how do they fit on Jeremy Lin's team.

Linsanity entered its second week Monday, with the Knicks on a roll they feel can keep right on going behind their surprising point guard, who coach Mike D'Antoni said has given the team a "spirit" and a "swagger."

"You go into every game thinking you're going to win, and it changes everybody's mood," D'Antoni said.

Lin was chosen as Eastern Conference player of the week after averaging 27.3 points and 8.3 assists in his first four starts. The Knicks have won five in a row heading into Toronto on Tuesday, turning things around after an 8-15 start.

"I've seen some of the highlights. It's always fun any time there's a new athlete, especially in New York," Yankees star Derek Jeter said. "I'm no basketball expert, but I know he has added a lot of excitement. I think sports in general are a lot more fun when you have that."

The Knicks used words like "fun" and "exciting" to describe the last week as they met with an enormous media contingent for a mid-February practice. Lin sat out practice to rest, but Stoudemire was back on the floor after leaving the team last Monday after his older brother, Hazell, was killed in a car crash.

"The only positive for us during that whole week was we were watching the basketball games and we were watching Linsanity and my family was getting a kick out of it," Stoudemire said. "That's the only smiles really they had all week."

Plenty of others were watching. The Knicks said Saturday's victory at Minnesota was their highest-rated game on MSG Network since Anthony's Knicks debut last Feb. 23 against Milwaukee, and that ratings are up 70 percent over their season average since Lin became a starter.

"It's more exciting than anything, just to see the buzz that he's created here in New York, here in the NBA as a whole," Anthony said. "I just want to get back there and be a part of it."

But amid all the good feelings around the Knicks, there was the question that won't go away until the whole team is together in a game.

Anthony, who has battled injuries much of the season, strained his right groin just six minutes into Lin's starting debut against Utah last Monday, and the Knicks hope he'll be back at the end of this week. He's never seemed a natural in the pick-and-roll offense, given his preference to isolate and take his man 1-on-1. That's created questions of how ? or if ? he will adapt to playing with Lin.

And yes, Anthony has heard them.

"It doesn't bother me," he said. "I know what I bring to the game, I know what I bring to this team, my teammates know what I bring to the team and the only thing I can do is just go out there and continue doing what I'm doing. Like I said, Jeremy, he's our point guard right now, he's proven that, he's playing extremely well, and I look forward to playing with him, I'll tell you that."

Lin, the NBA's first American-born player of Chinese or Taiwanese decent, came with little expectations after he was undrafted out of Harvard and cut by two other teams before the Knicks picked him up in December. That underdog quality made him easy to root for in New York, even before he turned around the Knicks' season.

"He's Rudy," Anthony said.

Anthony is the superstar whom the Knicks broke up a promising team to acquire from Denver last season, and that comes with pressure to play great and make sure the team is, too. So perhaps playing with Lin can alleviate that.

"This is like a dream come true to me," Anthony said, referring to the ease that playing with a pass-first point guard can provide.

Lin understands the skepticism, but pointed out that Anthony ? whose 4.2 assists per game are just ahead of Lin's 4.1 for the team lead ? is a willing and capable distributor.

"I can see why they're questioning it, just because he's a playmaker as well and he has the ball in his hands a lot, but I think when he comes back we're just going to continue to run what works for us, and he's actually in my opinion an underrated passer," Lin said. "I think we'll be fine once he gets back."

D'Antoni calls the talk "ludicrous," chalking it up the same doubters who refused to believe that Lin was the real thing after his first couple of starts.

"That's normal. You've got to say something. 'Let's wait and see.' That's part of sports," D'Antoni said. "But again, we talked about he's not getting any slower, he's not getting any dumber, and I think he'll only get better."

Actually, the Knicks expect Lin's numbers to drop once the regulars are back. But they have a chance to keep the wins going, with three straight games against sub-.500 teams this week.

Stoudemire felt things were turning in the first game Lin got meaningful minutes, when plays were getting made that weren't for the first month and three point guards of the season. So it's no wonder Lin is just as popular inside the locker room as he seems to be everywhere else.

"I think because we were all looking for answers from the point guard position so far this season and we tried every point guard that we had," Stoudemire said. "And we saved the best for last I guess."

___

AP freelance writer Mark Didtler in Tampa, Fla. contributed to this report.

___

Follow Brian Mahoney on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/Briancmahoney

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/sports/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120214/ap_on_sp_bk_ne/bkn_knicks_linsanity_week2

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SCADA System Architecture

A SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system is a common process automation system which is used to gather data from sensors and instruments located at remote sites and to transmit data at a central site for either controlor monitoring purposes. The collected data is usually viewed on one or more SCADA host computers located at the central or master site. Based on information received from remote stations, automated or operator-driven supervisory commands can be pushed to remote station control devices, which are often referred to as field devices.

Generally, a SCADA system includes the following components:

• Instruments that sense process variables
• Operating equipment connected to instruments
• Local processors that collect data and communicate with the site?s instruments and operating equipment called Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Remote Terminal Unit (RTU), Intelligent Electronic Device (IED), or Process Automation Controller (PAC)
• Short range communications between local processors, instruments, and operating equipment
• Host computers as central point of human monitoring and control of the processes, storing databases, and display of statistical control charts, and reports. Host computers are also known as Master Terminal Unit (MTU), the SCADA server, or a PC with Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Long range communications between local processors and host computers using wiredand/or wireless network connections.

SCADA systems differ from DCSs (Distributed Control Systems) which are generally found inplant sites. While DCSs cover the plant site, SCADA systems cover much larger geographic areas.Also, due to the remoteness many of these often require the use of wireless communications. Figure 1 shows an integrated SCADA architecture.?SCADA architecture supports TCP/IP, UDP or other IP-based communications protocols as wellas strictly industrial protocols such as Modbus TCP, Modbus over TCP or Modbus over UDP, all working over private radio, cellular or satellite networks.

?

Figure 1. Integrated SCADA Architecture

In complex SCADA architectures, there is a variety of both wired and wireless media and protocols involved in getting data back to the central monitoring site. This enables implementation of powerful IP-based SCADA networks over mixed cellular, satellite, and landline systems. SCADA communications can employ a diverse range of both wired (lease line, dialup line, fiber, ADSL,cable) and wireless media (licensed radio, spread spectrum, cellular, WLAN, or satellite). The choice depends on a number of factors that characterize the existing communication infrastructure. Factors such as existing communications infrastructure, available communications at the remote sites, data rates and polling frequency, remoteness of site, installation budget and ability to accommodate future needs, all impact the final decision for SCADA architecture. In the following section, we discuss key issues in the development of SCADA systems. Therefore, a review of SCADA systems evolution allows us to better understand many security concerns.

Tags : critical infrastructure, cyber security, Distributed Control Systems, Human Machine Interface, industrial control system, Intelligent Electronic Device, Master Terminal Unit, Process Automation Controller, Programmable Logic Controller, Remote Terminal Unit, requirements, risk management, SCADA control system, security framework

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Source: http://blog.protogenist.com/?p=427

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Frontier (AKA Bonita and Wonder) Tower Renovated ? Here and ...

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